最新四級考試（綜合技能篇）

王奋

綜合技能訓練

倒裝句
一、倒裝句
1. So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子（如此…以至於…）
【例】So precious is time that we can not afford to waste it.
時間是如此珍貴，我們經不起浪費它。
這是四級考試作文部分經常用到的一個套句，也是我們在第一部分要學習的第一種句型——倒裝句。我們注意到這個句子的謂語動詞“be”放到的了主語的前面，這種句子成分順序和標準句型不一致的句型就是倒裝句。倒裝（The Inversion），一般來說是一種較正式的句型，能考查考生的英文寫作水準。在文章的開頭用倒裝句你的文章會因此而添色不少，也是寫應試作文獲取高分的亮點之一，所以我們一定要學會正確地使用它，恰當地用來闡述自己的觀點。
2、adj. + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S. + V. + …（雖然…）
【例】Rich as our country is, our quality of life is by no means satisfactory.雖然我們的國家富有，我們的生活品質卻不是令人滿意的。
v by no means = in no way = on no account一點也不
3. On no account can we + V. + …（我們絕對不能…）
【例】On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我們絕對不能忽略知識的價值。
4、倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，叫做完全倒裝（complete inversion）。
【例】Then began a bitter war between the two countries.  於是兩國之間開始了惡戰。只將助動詞（包括情態動詞）移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝（partial inversion）。At no time can the entrance be left unguarded.  入口需要隨時有人把守。   

二、四級必考句型
(1) Among the disadvantages that        may bring to       are that + S. + V., making + n. + adj.
【分析】有時候，為了強調“介詞 + 賓語”結構，我們把它置於句首，此時句子需要全部倒裝，在本句中我們把謂語動詞“are”放在了主語結構“that…”的前面。Among the disadvantages that cars may bring to our lives are that we could spend more time in traffic jams and we would likely spend more money on operation and maintenance fees, making our schedules tighter and our pockets lighter!
(2) With these steps, we can change our society into one out of which comes the possibility that               
【分析】句中的定語從句“out of which comes the possibility…”是完全倒裝句。With these steps, we can change our society into one out of which comes the possibility that natural resources will be fully cherished.
(3) There is a real possibility that       , should there be a       .
【分析】Should there be a…是省略if並部分倒裝的將來時虛擬條件句。還原後為：If there should be a…      There is a real possibility that we can solve this problem completely, should there be cooperation among all parties involved.
(4) never, hardly, seldom, rarely, not, until…，scarcely, in no case（不管怎樣也不），in no way（不管怎麼也不），by no means（決不），on no account（不論什麼原因也不），at no time（無論什麼時候也不）等否定詞放在句首時，句子要倒裝。By no means shall we cease to protect our environment.   
(5) It was very late. Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to fall asleep.   
【分析】從屬連詞as和though也可以用於讓步狀語從句中。這種從句必須以形容詞（或形容詞化的分詞）、名詞或動詞原形開頭，主句必須位於從句之後。   
1) Small as a bicycle is, it can bring a lot of convenience to our lives.   
2) Foolish though he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals. （他看起來樣子傻傻的，可似乎總是能提出最聰明的建議。）   
3) Try as you may, you will never succeed. （你儘管可以試，但決不會成功）。   

三、練習
A、翻譯
1. 至於電腦化的影響，沒有什麼地方比銀行能更清楚地看到其成果。
2. 要不是來自政府的及時投資，我們的公司不會像現在這樣繁榮昌盛。
3. 只是過了一年，我就開始看到我工作的成績。
4. 該組織沒有違反規章，但是它也沒有負責任地認真工作。
5. 幾乎每個月都有消息報導調查中國公民中科學教育文盲問題的嚴重性。
6. 打算離婚的父母沒有很好地培養孩子應對將要到來的危機的能力，他們也沒有向孩子們作出很有必要的保證：會有人照顧你們的。
7. 雖然他聰明機智，也覺得解決這個問題很難。
8. 她不僅學習刻苦，而且很有禮貌。
9. 樹下坐著的人，是我見過的最高大的人之一。
10. 只有當研究者獲得充分的資料，他們才能得出一個正確的結論。
【參考答案】
1. As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the bank.
2. Had it not been for the timely investment from the government, our company would not be thriving as it is.   
3. Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.   
4. The organization had broken no rules, but neither had it acted responsibly.   
5. Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among Chinese citizens.
6. Parents planning to divorce do not sufficiently prepare their children for the coming crisis, nor do they provide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for in the aftermath.   
7. Clever and resourceful though he was, he found more than a little difficulty solving the problem.
8. Not only was she a hard worker, but she was also very polite.
9. Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
10. Only when the researchers have obtained sufficient data can they come to a sound conclusion.
B. 改錯
1. Scarcely they had settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.
2. Under no circumstances we should do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
3. Not until an infant hedgehog（刺蝟）opens its eyes it leaves its nest to follow its mother about.
4. Down jumped was the burglar from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
5. Most of his classmates agree with the opinion that bad as he is,but he has his good points.
6. Not until have I passed the examination will I be able to go out  to parties.
7. Not only the student disturb the authority of the older generation he can threaten the social system as a whole.
8. No fewer than one thousand people did come here to attend the competition.
9. We had hardly arrived when does she started crying to go home.
10. No sooner had he drunk the coffee when he began to feel drowsy.
【參考答案】
1. they had—had they        2. we should—should we         3. it leaves—does it leave
4. 去掉was                                5. 去掉but                                 6. have I—I have
7. only後加does                8. did come—came                 9. 去掉does   
10. when—than

四、偉人偉招
1. 英勇無畏式
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. (Marie Curie)
生活中沒有什麼可怕的東西，只有需要理解的東西。（居里夫人）
【點評】這句話可用於提出問題的解決方法，比如說關於“global shortage of fresh water”，在提到如何應對時，不妨說：Famous scientist Marie Curie once said, “Nothing in life is to be feared; it is only to be understood.” In the same ways, once we understand the causes of this phenomenon, we can confidently believe that we will solve the problem with the following means.   

2. 熱情無限式
A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.(C. M. Schwab)
只要有無限的熱情，一個人幾乎可以在任何事情上取得成功。（施瓦布）
【點評】用法和上句類似。

3. 理想遠大式
The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and also the determination to attain it. (Goethe)
人生重要的在於確立一個偉大的目標，並有決心使其實現。（歌德）   
【點評】我們可以從歌德的話語裡面，學到一個很好的句型：The important thing is to…, 不妨進一步學一個四級裡面另兩個更受歡迎的句型：(1) Nothing is + (adj).er than to + V. + …    Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V. + …    【例】Nothing is more important than to receive education.  沒有比接受教育更重要的事。(2) What a + adj. + n. + S. + V.!= How + adj. + a + n. + V.!（多麼…！） What an important thing it is to keep our promise!  How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守諾言是多麼重要的事！

五、實踐與提高
用下列給出的句型造句：
1. The narrator may be right about…, but he neglects to mention he fact that…   
2.  As opposed to widely held  beliefs, I believ that…   
3. Although many people believe that…, I doubt whether the argument holds up to much analysis .   
4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we could gain from A.   
5. Although it is commonly held that…, it is unlikely that…   
6. There is an element of truth in this argument , but it ignores a deeper and more    basic fact that…   
7.  It is true that …, but  that is not to say that…   
8. The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant of the basic fact that…   
9. It would be  natural to think that…, but it would be absurd to claim that…   
10. In all the discussion and debate over…, one  important  fact is generally overlooked     

強調句
一、強調句精彩套句展示   
It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道…）   
是一個在四級作文裡面用來闡述觀點的經典句型，用詞也很出色。   
It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.  全世界都知道樹木對我們是不可或缺的。   
It is…that + 句子…構成強調句型（The Emphatic Pattern）   
英語常用的強調結構是“It is/was+被強調部分（主語、賓語或狀語）+ who（that）…”。一般說來，被強調部分指人時，用who；指事物時，用that；在美國英語中指事物時常用which來代替that。   
與之類似的常用句型還有：   
It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）   
It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的）   
It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的）   
It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.  可想而知，知識在我們的一生中扮演一個重要的角色。   

二、語法精講
1. 簡介
(1) 一般情況用It is (was)…that (who)…，指人時，用who；指物時，用that。   
我們分別可以強調主語、賓語、表語、時間狀語和地點狀語等。如：   
He read three books in the library yesterday.（正常句子）   
    It was he who read three books in the library yesterday.（強調主語）   
    It was three books that he read in the library yesterday.（強調賓語）   
    It was in the library that he read three books yesterday.（強調地點狀語）   
    (2) 強調狀語或定語時，只用that，不用when、where，如：   
    It is at 5 o’clock that the train will arrive.   
    (3) 被強調的部分是主語時，注意句子的謂語動詞和被強調的主語保持一致。如：   
    It is he who is late.   
    It is they who were late.   
    (4) 一般疑問句的強調句為“Is (was) it + that…?”；特殊疑問句為：“特殊疑問詞+ is (was) +it +that…?”結構。如：   
    Was it ten years ago that his father died?（他的父親是十年前去世的嗎？）   
    When is it that you will set off?（你到底什麼時候出發？）   
    (5)“not…until…”句型的強調結構為“It is not until…that…”應注意把否定詞not轉移到until前面。如：   
    I didn’t go home until the rain stopped.（直到雨停了我才回家）。   
    強調句為：It was not until the rain stopped that I went home.   
    I didn’t know the news until yesterday.（直到昨天我才知道那個消息）   
強調句為：It was not until yesterday that I knew the news.   

2. 四級必考套句學習   
    (1) It is the responsibility of       to do sth.     
    【分析】注意，從形式上看該句子很像強調句型，而實際上並非如此，因為句中it是形式主語，動詞不定式作實際主語。   
    It is the responsibility of every citizen in our society to do his utmost to protect the environment.     
    (2) It is the       , I suppose, that have\has given rise to       .     
    【分析】該強調句型強調句子主語，I suppose作為插入語。這是一個很好掌握的四級長句，在作文中需要分析原因時，可以用它闡述自己的看法。   
    It is the tighter job market, I suppose, that has given rise to the increase in the number of unemployed college students in China.     
    (3) It is only when       that       .   
    【分析】強調句型強調when引導時間從句。   
It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value him.   

三、練習與進步   
A. 翻譯   
1. 直到最後一刻，我才得知事情的傳聞。   
    2. 他是否接受我的觀點，我並不在乎。     
    3. 我不應干預此類事。   
    4. 在擁擠的公車上抽煙，是不禮貌的行為。  
    5. 愛迪生是位真正的天才，這是不容置疑的。   
    6. 直到他走進教室，才意識到忘了做家庭作業。     
    7. 在我們家，飯前洗手是每個人的習慣。   
    8. 一個人應該精讀一門，博覽各科。     
    9. 她覺得回復這封信，是她應盡的責任。   
    10. 大多數年輕人都認為過輕鬆不用努力的生活是最好的，這是令人遺憾的事。   
                                                                                 
    【參考答案】   
    1. It was at the eleventh hour that I got wind of what was going on.   
    2. It does not matter whether he accepts my opinions or not.   
    3. It is not my place to interfere in such affairs.   
    4. It is impolite behavior to smoke in a crowded bus.   
    5. It is undeniable that Edison was a genius in the truest sense of the word.   
    6. It was not until he entered the classroom that he realized he had forgotten to do the homework.   
    7. In our home it is a rigid rule for each person to wash his hands before eating.   
    8. It is wise to read everything about something and something about everything.   
    9. She felt it incumbent upon her to answer the letter at once.   
10. It is to be regretted that the majority of young people should look upon an effortless life as the highest good.   
B. 改錯   
    1. It is she which I think is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.                           
    2. There is an old saying which says, “Great oaks from little acorns   
    grow.”                                                                                                                                    
    3. It is in the park which they’ll take a picnic.                                                            
    4. It is believed which the earliest feature of chronic bronchitis is   
    excessive secretion from the mucous glands and goblet call.                                            
    5. It is one of his peculiarities that no incident ever happens to him   
    that without teaching him some valuable lesson.                                                                    
    6. It is an error to suppose which the public is indifferent or unable   
    to understand the problems of religion and philosophy.                                                    
    7. It is wrong to accuse a person of a crime that you have evidence   
    that he may be guilty.                                                                                                            
    8. It be reasonable to receive extra pay for extra work.                                            
    9. It is very difficult that you haven’t sufficient data to solve the   
    problem.                                                                                                                            
    【參考答案】   
    1. which—who                2. which—that                3. which—where                        4. which—that     
    5. 去掉him後面的that                                6. which—that                        7. that—unless   
8. be—is                                                        9. that—when   

四、偉人偉招   
    1. 百折不撓式   
    We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. (Martin Luther King, Jr.)   
    我們必須接受失望，因為它是有限的，但千萬不可失去希望，因為它是無窮的。（馬丁•路德•金）   
【點評】該句為馬丁•路德•金生命的體驗，我們在作文中談到某種麻煩的解決方法時，借用過來妙不可言。另外We must do…, but we must never…用於觀點的轉折或者遞進效果很好。  
  
    2. 深入生活式   
    Genius is formed in quiet, character in the stream of life. (Goethe )   
    天才形成于平靜中，性格來自於生活的激流。（歌德）   
【點評】歌德之才，恐非我輩能及，但大師的語言卻給我們無窮的靈感。表示“形成”記著用“is formed in”，簡單之處見真章。   

五、實踐與進步   
    用下列給出的句型造句：   
    1. There is  absolutely   no      reason for us to  believe  that…   
    2.  Logical  as this argument is, and I whole-heartedly agree with it, it appears   
    insignificant  when… is taken into  consideration  .   
    3. To  assume  that…  is far from infallible  .   
    4. A  close    inspection    of this argument would reveal how  flimsy      it is.   
    5.  On the surface  ,  it   may seem  a sound      suggestion  , but   
    with careful consideration   , we find that…   
    6. Too much  emphasis placed on    … may  obscure  other facts, including that…   
    7. The  danger   is that…   
    8. What the  narrator  fails to  understand  is that…   
    9. We don’t have to look very far to  see      the  truth    of this  argument   .   
    10. However  just    this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem   
   
         
    省 略 句   
一、四級精彩套句展示   
    It is necessary that effective actions be taken to prevent this problem.     
    省略，在語言中，尤其在對話中是一種常見的現象，它可以使語氣明瞭。英語裡被省略部分一般可以在句子中補上。本句是省略should的虛擬語氣，完整句為It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent this problem. 這種對虛擬語氣的省略在四級作文句子裡面廣為存在，   
又如：It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving)…中的should也可省略。   

二、語法精講   
    1. 簡介   
    句子中的某一成分省略的現象，在語言當中廣泛存在，漢語當中也有。比如：一班的學生比二班的多。本句中在“二班的”後面就省略了“學生”一詞，因為根據語境，該詞我們已經可以推理得知，在語言中為了避免麻煩，將其省略。   
大家可能會說：“四級考試中我就擔心字數湊不夠，為什麼還要學習省略呢？”字數的問題確實是我們必須面對的問題，但並不是四級考核的惟一標準。省略句的合理利用，會起到事半功倍的效果。首先，啟用省略句雖然在字數上吃了點小虧，但是可以讓句子更精煉流暢，可謂舍一而得十；另外，很多考生為了湊字數，囉裡囉嗦，讓評卷老師味同嚼蠟，這時你的省略句就可能會如一縷春風，好處自不用多言。   

    2. 四級必考句型   
    (1) Although many have tried, few have succeeded in attempts to       .   
    【分析】本句中tried後的賓語可根據後半句的語義推測得知，所以可以省略，避免重複。   
    Although many have tried, few have succeeded in attempts to find perfect solutions.   
    (2)       , be it       , will bring a lot of happiness into our lives.   
    【分析】本句是一個超難句型，中間一節省略了whether和might，並進行了倒裝，將“be it”恢復後應為whether it might be。Be it…，可譯為“比方說”，用來給出更多細節。   
    The application of electric power, be it to light our rooms or to listen to music, will bring a lot of happiness to our lives.      
    (3) Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though to go out of the office.   
【分析】as though引導方式狀語從句，謂語常用虛擬語氣，本句中主句的主語與從句的主語相同，故從句中的主語和謂語省略，即省略了she wanted；如果補全，即為：as though she wanted to go out of the office.   

三、練習與進步   
    A. 翻譯   
    1. 因為專案任務十分艱巨，這個專案需要的勞動力比我們已經投入的要多。      
    2. 雖然Dave Mitchell在三藩市長大，但他總是更喜歡記錄小鎮生活的平淡事實。  
    3. 就像土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣也是地球的一部分。   
    4. 沒有人會有時間去讀或聽講述世界發生的每一件事情。   
    5. 他的衣服很寬大，好像是為比他個子大一倍的人裁剪的。   
    6. 海豚與狗同樣都是聰明的動物。   
    7. 每個人能夠走鋼絲而沒有一絲畏懼的，除非他從小就訓練過。   
    8. 不管付出多大的代價，他都會堅持他認為正確的。   
    9. 他經常坐在一間小酒吧裡喝酒，喝得太多了，不利於他的身體。      
    10. 儘管相對貴一些，但是這個發動機效率更高，而且不需要經常維修。     
                                                                                 
    【參考答案】   
    1. The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult.   
    2. Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.   
    3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so too is the atmosphere.   
    4. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything that is going on in the world.   
    5. His suit hung loosely as if tailored for someone twice his size.   
    6. A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog.   
    7. No one can walk the wire without a bit of fear unless trained very young.   
    8. He stands up for what he thinks right, whatever the personal cost.   
    9. He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more wine than was good for his health.   
    10. Even though relatively costly, the engine is highly efficient and infrequently needs servicing.   
    B. 改錯   
    1. A programmed computer begins to show on its screen the figures   
    you need when is switched on.                                                                                            
    2. No one, at any rate no English writer, has written about     
    childhood life in a way more poignant than Dickens was.                          
    3. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of     
    patients do not taken drugs as directed, lowering the effectiveness of   
    the drugs significantly.                                                                                                            
    4. Layer upon layer of deep snow means that, when it melted,   
    the snow-water would be pure, not salty as sea -ice would be.                  
    5. All these projects require continuous spending on new equipment   
    and new development if they are to serve properly, and require more   
    money than is raised through taxes alone today.                                        
    6. You spent more money than was intended to spend.                                            
    7. To understand the situation completely require more thought   
    that has been given thus far.                                                                                                    
    8. We can observe small things clearly under a microscope     
    because it makes them appear larger as they really are.                                  
    9. In debating, one must correct the opponent’s falsehoods, deny            
    the relevance of his proof, and deny that which he presents as proof,   
    even if relevant, is sufficient.                                                                                            
    10. Yet these old controversies give no less revealing insight on the   
minds of our grandfathers than do the major issues of the last century.

    【參考答案】   
    1. is去掉                        2. was—did                   3. taken—take                        4. it去掉   
    5. is—is being                6. spend—be spent           7. require—requires                8. as—than   
9. which—what                10. on—into     

四、偉人偉招   
    1. 以退為進式   
    On earth there is nothing great but man; and in man there is nothing great but mind. (Hamilton )   
    世界上，沒有什麼比人更偉大，而對於人來說，沒有什麼比精神更偉大。   
    【點評】在你考試寫作文時，也可以用這種方式來分步把你的觀點說出來，這種句子體現了一種智慧上的美。另外nothing but…（只有…）句型我們要熟練掌握。   
    I have nothing but compassion for your situation.   
Nothing but determination will get us through this.   

    2. 精力無窮式   
    Live as though you intend to live forever, and work as though your strength were limitless. (S. Bernhardt )   
    要這樣生活，仿佛你壽命永恆；要這樣工作，仿佛你精力無窮。（波恩哈特）   
【點評】是個很生動的句型，很有文學魅力，可以背會用來鼓勵大家努力。用在最後一段的開頭，可以畫龍點睛。   

    3. 前輕後重式   
    Don’t believe that winning is really everything. It’s more important to stand for something. If you don’t stand for something, what do you win? (Lane Kirkland )   
    不要認為取勝就是一切，更重要的是要有信念。倘若你沒有信念，那勝利又有什麼意義呢？（柯克蘭）   
【點評】這是正反論述文的經典句型。前面的觀點是你反對的，後面的是你所支持的。例如在文章的最後一段可以這樣寫：Don’t be afraid that we won’t succeed in solving this problem; it is more important to know we are doing our best. 這樣，20多個單詞就毫不費力地寫出來了。   

五、實踐與進步   
    將下麵的句子補充完整   
    1. Although the popular belief is that…, a  current    study         indicates   
    that…   
    2. Common sense tells us that…   
    3. The  increase  in…  mainly   results from …   
    4. The  increase  in… is  due to       the fact that…   
    5. Many people would claim that…   
    6. One may  attribute the  increase  to…, but… is not by itself an adequate   
    explanation.   
    7. One of the reasons given for… is that…   
    8. What is also worth highlighting is that…   
    9. There are  many        causes  for this  dramatic     growth  in…. First, …   
    Second,… Finally,…   
    10. There is no evidence to suggest that…   
   
         
並 列 句   
一、四級精彩套句展示   
    I like traveling, and I will do my best to share the fun of traveling with others.     
    同學們總是習慣寫簡單句，把句子寫成了：I like traveling. I will do my best to share the fun of traveling with others.而四級考試要求大家多寫長句，and…結構就是一個簡單好用的長句結構。只要把兩個主語一樣的句子間的句號改成逗號，再加上and就可以了。有時還可以把後一句的主語省略。例如：It appears mysteriously and spreads spontaneously in many different forms.   
以and, or, but等連接的簡單句，掌握熟練的話，會讓我們的文章流暢自然。   

二、語法精講   
    1. 簡介   
並列句是英語中廣泛存在的一種句型，其特點是用表示並列關係的連詞將兩個獨立的句子聯繫起來。主要用or和and來連接。
   
    2. 四級必備套句   
    （1）Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.  努力工作，你就能實現你的最終目標。   
    【分析】“命令式+and”在表示條件時，表示“你要…才會…”的意思。在寫作裡面可以用來提出建議。“名詞+and”句式有時也可以用來表示條件，如：One more effort, and you will be successful.   
    （2）Study hard, or you will fail to pass the exam.  如果你不努力學習，你將無法通過考試。   
【分析】“命令式+or”句式表示“你要…否則…”或“否則的話”等意思。   

三、練習與進步   
    A. 翻譯   
    1. 說話大聲點，教室裡的學生才能聽到你講的內容。   
    2. 你要早點出發，這樣才能提前到達那裡。   
    3. 要是你違反了法律，你將會被員警逮捕。   
    4. 輕點兒走，否則你會弄出聲響兒吵醒嬰兒。     
    5. 仔細點兒讀這本書，否則你將無法理解其主題思想。   
    6. 如果再來一次這樣的暴風雨，所有的莊稼都將被毀。     
    7. 說曹操，曹操就到。   
    8. 快點，否則你要遲到了。      
    9. 快點走，否則就趕不上早班車了。   
    10. 努力學習，你就能夠通過這次考試。   
                                                                                 
    注意：“命令式+and”表示條件時，表示“你要…才會…”的意思；“命令式+or”句式表示“你要…否則…”或“否則的話”等意思；同時，要注意“名詞+and”句式有時也可以用來表示條件。這三種類型有一個共同特點就是and或or後面的從句要用一般將來時態。   
    【參考答案】   
    1. Speak louder, and every student in the classroom will able to hear you.   
    2. Start early, and you will arrive ahead of schedule.   
    3. Violate the law, and you will be arrested by the police.   
    4. Walk slightly, or you will make a noise and wake the baby.   
    5. Read the book more carefully, or you will not understand the main idea.   
    6. One more such storm and all the crops will be totally destroyed.   
    7. Talk of the devil, and he will appear.   
    8. Please, quickly, or you will be late.   
    9. Walk quickly, or you will not catch the early bus.   
    10. Study hard, and you will pass the examination.   
    B. 改錯   
    1. Speak more loudly, and you won’t be heard by others.                                           
    2. Write quickly, and you won’t finish the composition in time.
    3. Work hard, or you will pass the English examination.                                            
    4. Read one more, or you will catch the meaning.                                                    
    5. Admitting your faults, or you will be punished.                                                    
    6. Read philosophy books, and you will be benefit from them     
    sooner or later.                                                                                                                    
    7. Think it over, or you will find the solution to the problem.        
    8. Do the morning exercise, and you will benefit in it.                                
    9. Work hard, and you will successful one day.                                                            
    10. Write neatly and clearly, or you will give your teacher a     
    good impression.                                                                                                                    
    【參考答案】   
    1. and—or                2. and—or                3. or—and                4. or—and                        5. Admitting—Admit   
6. be去掉                7. or—and                8. in—from        9. will—will be                10. or—and   

四、偉人偉招   
    1. 向前看，向右看式   
    Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. (Kierkegaard )   
    只有向後看才能理解生活；但要生活好，則必須向前看。（克爾凱郭爾）   
【點評】寫四級文章時，這句話用來在原因段和解決問題段之間承上啟下，確是個完美的選擇。   

    2. 匹夫有責式   
    No man is useless in this world who lightens the burden of someone else.   
    (C. Dickens )   
    在這個世界上能為別人減輕負擔的人都是有用的。（狄更斯）   
【點評】該句用來論述個人應該為社會減負的問題時，可謂是恰到好處。   

五、實踐與進步   
    將下麵的句子補完整   
    1. Why are …? For one thing, … For another, …   
    2. Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…   
    3. It gives rise to a host of  problems.   
    4. There are numerous reasons why…, and I shall explore here only a few of the most important ones.   
    5. It will exert profound influence on…   
    6. A multitude of factors could account for the change in…   
    7. In 1999, it increased from 5 to 10 percent of the total .   
    8. By comparison with 1998, it decreased from 10 to 5 percent .   
    9. … account(s) for 15 percent of the total.   
    10. There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.   
    By 1999, only three quarters of college-aged  were against…,     
    (as compared with)  last year , the same population preferred to (liked)…   
   

    句子的連接   
一、四級精彩句型展示   
    　　1. The reason why + 句子 … is that + 句子（…的原因是…）   
    　　這是在四級考試裡面用得很多的一個定語從句句型，通過why把兩個句子聯繫起來，why後的句子作為從句是the reason的定語。   
    　　The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.   
    　　類似的還有those who結構，如：   
    　　Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 違反交通規定的人應該受處罰。   
    　　2. Since the time that + S + 過去式，S + 現在完成時。   
    　　該句型用since一詞將兩個句子聯繫起來，表示一種時間關係。   
    　　Since the time that he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自從他上高中，他一直很用功。   
    　　連接在寫作中是很重要的，就像自行車的鏈條，它的好壞會直接影響速度和行駛距離。連接於寫作就如我們身體的水，沒有水就沒有生命，沒有好的連接，相應的也不會有精彩的作文問世。   

二、語法精講   
    　　1. 簡介   
    　　連接手段（The connective）一般包括連接詞、連接代詞、連接副詞、關係代詞和關係副詞。連接手段是一個很寬泛的概念，概括了複合句、定語從句、狀語從句等。建議大家結合本系列叢書的《詞彙•語法•完形填空分冊》中的從句講解進行學習。   

    　　2. 四級必備套句   
    　　(1) 主語+謂語（過去進行時成過去完成時）+其他成分+when+主語+謂語（一般過去時）+其他成分   
    　　【分析】該句型中when引導的分句表示分句行為發生的突然性，when常譯為“就在這時”，該句在記敘文的寫作中經常用到。   
    　　On a rainy day I was driving on the Street of Eternal Peace when I noticed a young man holding up a sign that read “Frank”. 在一個下雨天，我正駕車通過長安街，就在這時我突然注意到一個年輕人舉著一塊牌子，上面寫著“弗蘭克”。   
    　　(2) No one everything that is going on in the world.   
    　　【分析】“that is going on in the world”是定語從句，修飾everything，當先行詞是everything等不定代詞時，關係代詞要用that。這句子在闡述原因時是個很有效的句子。   
    　　No one has time to read an account of everything that is going on in the world. 沒有一個人會有時間去閱讀介紹世界上正在發生的每一件事情。（在論述有選擇性的閱讀的重要性時）   
    　　(3) rather than…, we should…   
    　　【分析】“rather than”意為“而不是”或“沒有去”。   
    　　Rather than pursue money to achieve happiness, we should focus on the improvement of parts of ourselves.   
    　　類似的還有other than（=except）除了(表示所說的不包括在內)。   
    　　He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. 他除了向我要東西，從不跟我說話。   
    　　She has no close friends other than me. 她除了我以外從沒有別的好朋友。   

三、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 那位演講者聲稱，沒有哪個現代國家像中國那樣在公共事業資助和保健方面投入其財富的比例如此之小。   
    　　2. 如果將睡覺的人一開始進入夢鄉就叫醒，即使他們的睡眠總量是足夠的，他們也很可能變得煩躁易怒。   
    　　3. 雖然他很喜歡她，但確實有時他也對她發火。   
    　　4. 水將繼續保持它今天的地位——在重要性方面僅次於氧。   
    　　5. 社會保障退休計畫是由兩筆信託基金組成的，其中數額較大的一筆基金到來年可能會分文不值。   
    　　6. 做家庭作業是提高考試成績的可靠方法，在課堂測試中更是這樣。   
    　　7. 這個城市中有100多所夜校，這使專業人員能得到進修，不管他是從事什麼工作的。   
    　　8. 從這些數位的比較中可以看出，病人積極配合治療是改善其病情的重要原則。   
    　　9. 加利福尼亞的陽光多得它不知怎麼處理，但其他東西卻很貴。   
    　　10. 誰想要這本詞典，我就給誰。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as does China.   
    　　2. If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phrase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.   
    　　3. Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.   
    　　4. Water will continue to be what it is today: second in importance to oxygen.   
    　　5. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year.   
    　　6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.   
    　　7. There are over 100 night schools in this city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does.   
    　　8. As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.   
    　　9. California has more light than it knows what to do with but everything else is expensive.   
    　　10. I’ll give this dictionary to anyone who wants to have it.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book   
    　　for me if only she could remember who last borrowed it.     
    　　2. Prof Lee’s book will show you how that you have observed can   
    　　be used in other contexts.     
    　　3. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting until you   
    　　don’t mind taking the night train.     
    　　4. Most electronic devices of this kind, that are manufactured   
    　　for such purposes, are packaged tightly.     
    　　5. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of   
    　　obtaining water is not the least.     
    　　6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe but that   
    　　it provides the building blocks from which other elements are produced.     
    　　7. That it is generally accepted, economic growth is determined   
    　　by the smooth development of production.     
    　　8. There are over 100 night schools in this city, making it possible   
    　　for a professional to be reeducated no matter how he does.     
    　　9. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,   
    　　and this is especially true since it comes to classroom tests.     
    　　10. Granted that we had all the materials ready, we should begin   
    　　the new task at once.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. if only―only if 2. that後加what 3. until―provided 4. that―as   
    　　5. of―of which 6. but―in 7. That―As   
    　　8. how―what 9. since―when 10. had―have   

四、偉人偉招   
    　　1. 摔倒了再爬起來式   
    　　Our greatest glory consists not in never falling but in rising every time we fall. (O. Goldsmith)   
    　　我們最值得自豪的不在於從不跌倒，而在於每次跌倒之後都爬起來。（哥德斯密斯）   
    　　【點評】該句可以用於一些關於社會問題的文章。雖然我們犯了錯誤，產生了問題，但是我們要做的是“爬起來”做點事情來補償。   

    　　2. 有缺而無憾式   
    　　To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness. (Russell )   
    　　有些東西你想要而沒有，這是幸福不可缺少的一部分。（羅素）   
    　　【點評】“…is an indispensable part of….”，這個句型我們可以借鑒。  
  
    　　3. 沒有條件，創造條件也要上式   
    　　The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them. (Bernard Shaw)   
    　　在這個世界上取得成功的人，都努力去尋找他們想要的機會，如果找不到時，他們就自己創造機會。（蕭伯納）   
    　　【點評】這幾個小短語的連用很顯英文實力，“get on, get up and look for”簡單但組合後卻很不一般，這個句子是個很好的例子。   

五、實踐與提高   
    　　將下麵的句子補充完整：   
    　　1. From what has been discussed above , we may safely draw the conclusion that…   
    　　2. All the evidence supports the unshakable conclusion that…   
    　　3. It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of…     
    　　4. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated situation of…     
    　　5. We must look for an immediate action , because the present   
    　　situation of…, if permitted to continue , will surely lead to the   
    　　end of…   
    　　6. There is no easy solution to the problem of…, but… might be a   
    　　useful measure to take.   
    　　7. There is no easy method hand to solve the problem of…, but   
    　　increasing the common recognition of the necessity of… might be the first   
    　　step towards change .   
    　　8. Following these methods may not guarantee success in …, but the pay-off   
    　　will be worth the effort.   
    　　9. Obviously , if we ignore the problem, there is every chance that…   
    　　10. Unless there is a common realization of …, it is very likely that…


    其他經典句型 （1）   
一、經典句型展示   
    　　1. I am all but ready. 我幾乎準備好了。   
    　　【分析】① all but = almost; nearly表示“幾乎”。它是個含有副詞功能的詞條。 ② all but… 有時可表示“差一點就…”的意思。③ all but…有時也表示“除…外，全部都…”的意思，這時all but = all except。   
    　　2. That little bridge is anything but safe. 那座小橋一點也不安全。   
    　　【分析】① anything but=not at all; far from, 表示強烈否定，是“決不”的意思。② anything but有時也可以表示“除…之外的任何…”等意思。   
    　　3. It is far from all of the students who are able to speak Chinese. 並不是所有的學生都講中文。   
    　　【分析】It is far from all…not. 表示“並不是所有的…都”。   
    　　4. You must leave her a message, and immediately at that. 你必須給她留言，而且馬上就要行動。   
    　　【分析】at that放於句尾表示強調   

二、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 過去的20年中，他幾乎做好了所有的準備，差一點就可以畢業了。   
    　　2. 國慶就要到了，除他之外，所有的人都正在為此慶典準備著。   
    　　3. 並不是所有的外國遊客都來自歐洲。   
    　　4. 他們兩個都沒有去過中國。   
    　　5. 由於交通堵塞，公車不規律地向前移動，而且速度非常的慢。   
    　　6. 他獨自一個人生活，但是一點兒也不覺得孤獨。   
    　　7. 別聽他的甜言蜜語，去年他把我騙了。那是條披著羊皮的狼。   
    　　8. 我購物時，總請朋友們幫我選擇顏色。   
    　　9. 除非在各方面都準備得周密，否則在應付入侵之敵的時候，我們將處於不利地位。   
    　　10. 除了一些無聊的行為外，我什麼都喜歡。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. In the last 20 years, he has all but graduated from that university.   
    　　2. National Day is coming, and everyone but him is preparing for the celebration.   
    　　3. Not all of the foreign visitors came from Europe.   
    　　4. Neither of them have visited China.   
    　　5. Because of the heavy traffic, the bus moved forward irregularly, and the speed even then was very slow.   
    　　6. He lived alone, but he felt anything but lonely.   
    　　7. Don’t listen to his sweet words. I was cheated by him last year. He’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing.   
    　　8. When I shop, I usually ask my friends to help me decide on the color.   
    　　9. Unless we are prepared in every aspect, we shall be at a disadvantage in dealing with the invaders.   
    　　10. I enjoy anything but silliness.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. The child was all that run over by the train.     
    　　2. The skaters on the pond all not broke through the ice.     
    　　3. Only but John passed the examination.     
    　　4. I enjoy all the last one of her novels.     
    　　5. I can only select either of the two schemes.     
    　　6. You must pay attention to your behavior, and constantly that.     
    　　7. Everyone wants a happy family, and a healthy one.     
    　　8. He used to take drugs that he was young.     
    　　9. Some will wrangle for freedom; write for it; even fight for it;   
    　　nothing but die for it.     
    　　10. The old man who had been used working from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.   
    　　was like a fish out of water when his firm pensioned him off.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. that―but 2. not―but 3. only―All 4. all後加but   
    　　5. only去掉 6. that前加at 7. one後加at that     
    　　8. that―when 9. nothing―anything 10. used―used to   

三、偉人偉招   
    　　1. 協力成功式   
    　　Great men are rarely isolated mountain-peaks; they are summits of ranges. (T. W. Higginson)   
    　　偉人很少是突兀的山峰；他們是眾山中的最高峰。（希金森）   
    　　【點評】這是一個絕佳的句子用在最後一段的開頭，例如可以這樣寫：Just as T. W. Higginson said, “Great men are rarely isolated mountain-peaks; they are summits of ranges.” We should make efficient use of the wisdom to seek the best solution for this.  
  
    　　2. 前人種樹，後人乘涼式   
    　　We should live and labor in our time such that what came to us as seed may go to the next generation as blossom, and what came to us as blossom may go to them as fruit. This is what we mean by progress. (H. W. Beecher)   
    　　我們一生應該這樣地生活和勞動，使給予我們的種子能在下一代開花，使給予我們的花朵能在下一代結果，這就是我們所說的進步的意義。（比徹）   
    　　【點評】這是such that句型的一個複雜變體，我們可以欣賞一下，高手可以嘗試使用。   
    　　   
   

    其他經典句型（2）   
一、經典句型展示   
    　　1. The enemy attempted to win over uncle Chen, but it was in vain. 敵人企圖把陳大叔拉過去，但是徒然無效。   
    　　【分析】in vain = uselessly; without a successful result. 表示“徒然，枉然，沒有結果”。   
    　　2. It is no use trying to persuade him to accept the gift. 設法說服他去接受這份禮物是徒勞的（白費心機的）。   
    　　【分析】①“It is no use ~ing”中，~ing是動詞形式，它表示的是“做…是徒勞的”的意思；② 此外it也可以連接由疑問詞所引導的從句。   
    　　3. It is not till they lose it that people know the value of health. 直到失去健康，人們才知道健康的價值。   
    　　【分析】“It is not till (until)…that…”是not till (until)的強調句型，它就是讓it is…that…的一種變化，表示“直到”的意思。   
    　　4. It is with life as with a dream. 人生就像是一場夢。   
    　　【分析】It is with… as with…= It is in… as in…，表示“…就像是…”之意，前面的詞語是句子的重點，as with緊跟的詞語則是它的比喻。   
    　　5. It will be some time before it returns to its original shape. 到它恢復到原來的形狀為止，是要花上一些時間的。   
    　　【分析】“It will be…before…”表示“到…為止，要花…的時間”，它除了將來時的形式出現外，還可以用其他的形式來表達。  
  
二、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 我在這兒幹死幹活的，可是根本就沒有機會漲工資，更別說升職了。   
    　　2. 當火車啟動時，設法趕上那趟車是徒勞的。   
    　　3. 夏天到了，直到19:00，天才開始逐漸黑下來。   
    　　4. 人生就像是一次遠行，經歷喜怒哀樂，同時積累經驗。   
    　　5. 人類就像土地一樣，有時會存在著所有人都沒有發覺的金礦。   
    　　6. 花了八年多時間，軍隊才擊敗敵人獲得全面勝利。   
    　　7. 不管你說什麼，我和那件事無關。   
    　　8. 總統和這起賄賂案沒有關係。   
    　　9. 老師聽到那個男孩小聲地說了些什麼，她讓他高聲重複。   
    　　10. 他們完成這項工程的監理工作需要花半年的時間。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. I am just spinning my wheels here—there’s no chance to get a pay raise, much less a promotion.   
    　　2. It is no use trying to catch up with the train once it starts.   
    　　3. Summer is coming, now it was not until 7:00 p.m. that the sky starts getting dark.   
    　　4. It is in life as in a long journey: going through difficulties, as well as pleasant times, and at the same time, concentrated experiences.   
    　　5. It is in man as in soil that there is sometimes a vein of gold that the owner is unaware of.   
    　　6. It was more than 8 years before the army defeated the enemy completely   
    　　7. Whatever you may say, I have no concern with that issue.   
    　　8. The president had no concern with the bribery case.   
    　　9. The teacher heard the boy say something under his breath and she asked him to repeat it aloud.   
    　　10. It will be about another half a year before they finish the engineering construction supervision.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. We protested on vain. The government still insisted on   
    　　demolishing the building.     
    　　2. All he has done is vain. It won’t save our company.     
    　　3. It is absurd think about a plan that is impossible to implement.     
    　　4. Discipline can be relaxed until the last day of school has passed.     
    　　5. The country did not became a real democracy unless the middle   
    　　of last century.     
    　　6. It is with read books as with receiving education in social sciences.     
    　　7. It is with researching historic characters as with communicate with   
    　　persons of that time.     
    　　8. I thought it is with accepting the task as with putting it into   
    　　practice before I assimilated into the society.     
    　　9. It will be about half a year after you finish the engineering   
    　　construction supervision.     
    　　10.It will be about three years of getting to know each other   
    　　before they decided to marry.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. on―in 2. is―is in 3. think―thinking 4. can―cannot   
    　　5. unless―until 6. read―reading 7. communicate―communicating   
    　　8. is―was 9. after―before 10. will be―took   

三、偉人偉招   
    　　1. 克己復禮式   
    　　The greater the man, the more restrained his anger. (Ovid )   
    　　人越偉大，越能克制怒火。（奧維德）   
    　　【點評】通過這句話我們要進一步學習兩個類似句型：   
    　　The + ~er + S. + V., … the + ~er + S. + V. …   
    　　The + more + adj. + S. + V., … the + more + adj. + S. + V. …（愈…愈…）   
    　　The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈進步。   
    　　The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我們書讀愈多，我們愈有學問。   

    　　2. 聰明易糊塗難式   
    　　It is easier to fight for principles than to live up to them. (A. E. Stevenson)   
    　　為原則而鬥爭容易，按原則的要求活著難。（史蒂文生）   
    　　【點評】“it is +比較級+to do sth. than to do sth.”是另外一個重要的比較級的句型。   

四、實踐與提高   
    　　將下麵的句子補充完整：   
    　　1. There is little doubt that serious attention must be called to the   
    　　problem of …   
    　　2. It is necessary that effective action be taken to prevent the   
    　　   
    　　situation .   
    　　3. It is hoped that great efforts be taken to control the   
    　　growth of…   
    　　   
    　　4. It is hoped that great efforts will be directed towards finding …   
    　　5. It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospects are (not)   
    　　very encouraging .   
    　　6. At any rate, wider attention should be given to the possible   
    　　consequences of…   
    　　7. To reverse the trend is not a light task , and it requires a different   
    　　state of mind towards …   
    　　8. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…   
    　　9. For the reasons given above, I feel that…   
    　　10. Taking into account the reasons mentioned above, we can confidently come to a   
    　　conclusion that….   
    　　   
   

   其他經典句型（3）   
一、經典句型展示   
    　　1. They say that she is a movie star. 據說她是個電影明星。   
    　　【分析】 they say… = it is said that，表示“據說…的”意思。其中they = people, I heard 也表示相同意思。   
    　　2. This is the reason why he became so involved in the suicide case. 他因為這個原因而捲入那個自殺案。   
    　　【分析】① This is the reason why=this is…表示“這就是為什麼的原因”，“因為這個原因而…”的意思，why是一個關係副詞。② This is the way how…=thus，與this is the reason why類似的句型，表示“因此而…”的意思，先行詞the way與the reason一樣也可以省略。   
    　　3. The plane flew higher and higher, till at last it disappeared from my sight. 飛機飛得越來越高，並終於從我的視線中消失。   
    　　【分析】…, till (will) at last…=…, and at last…，表示“…終於…”的意思。一般來說，在till的前面，通常會有逗號將其分開。   
    　　4. He grabbed at straws but he could not reach it. 他想抓住救命稻草，但夠不著。   
    　　【分析】to grab at straws表示的是“抓住救命稻草”，它也可以引用為“（為脫險）求助了任何救急辦法”的意思。To grab at straws= to grasp\ reach for straws.   
    　　5. To my great surprise, he played the piano well. 令人感到驚訝的是，他鋼琴彈得很棒。   
    　　【分析】to one’s surprise=to the surprise of…是表示“令人感到驚訝的是…”的意思。類似的句型有：to one’s joy令人感到高興的是，to one’s sorrow令人感到悲哀的是，to one’s satisfaction令人感到滿意的是，to one’s disappointment令人感到失望的是。   

二、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 據說，人類是生物學上最無法歸類的物種，因為人類擁有其他天然物種所缺少的特性。   
    　　2. 據說，美國人於1787年制定的“聯邦條款”是為當時政府運作提供的一個模式。   
    　　3. 這就是為什麼他不想接受這個事實的原因。   
    　　4. 我因此而辭掉了在那家公司的工作。   
    　　5. 他們的言辭爭論著，漸漸地，他們變得激動，終於其中有一個做出了魯莽的行動。   
    　　6. 令所有出席的人都感到驚訝的是，這位英雄忽然不見了。   
    　　7. 當我剛好六歲半的時候，某個早上，孩子們正在吃早餐時，被告知不准再到處亂跑，當時大家都很驚慌。   
    　　   
    　　8. 像所有政客一要，他說他要為人民做好事，可是我懷疑他是另有個人的打算。   
    　　9. 依我看來，你在你媽媽面前表現得太無禮了。   
    　　10. 她的新的夜禮服是巴黎時裝中最新潮的。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. They say that man is the least biologically determined species of all because he possesses features absent in other natural species.   
    　　2. I heard that the Americans drew up their “Articles of Confederation” in 1781 in order to provide a working form of government.   
    　　3. This is the reason why he did not want to accept the fact.   
    　　4. This is the way I resigned from the job in that company.   
    　　5. They argued with hot words and gradually they got excited, until at last one of them resorted to reckless measures.   
    　　6. To the surprise of all present, the hero was gone.   
    　　7. I was just about half-way through my sixth year when one morning at breakfast we children were informed to our utter dismay that we could no longer be permitted to run absolutely wild.   
    　　8. Like all politicians, he says he wants to do good for people, but I think he has an axe to grind.   
    　　9. From my perspective, I think you behaved rudely before your mom.   
    　　10. Her new evening dress is the last word in Paris fashion.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. It is say that she is a movie star.     
    　　2. They tell that there will be a heavy storm tomorrow.     
    　　3. This is the way which I saw the results.     
    　　4. This is the reason that why she could not receive a normal   
    　　school education.     
    　　5. After suffering from the hurt, at finally he stood up and   
    　　decided to start from the very beginning.     
    　　6. He ran faster and faster, till last he reached the destination first.     
    　　7. The poor man was simply just reaching into straws when he   
    　　took his dying wife to another doctor.     
    　　8. She walked fast, till at last she caught up the train on time.     
    　　9. To the surprise, the taste was not as he had imagined it.     
    　　10. To the joy by his mother, he won first prize.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. say―said 2. tell―say 3. which―that 4. 去掉why   
    　　5. finally―last 6. till後加at 7. into―at 8. up後加to     
    　　9. the―his 10. by―of   

三、偉人偉招   
    　　1. If there were less sympathy in the world, there would be less trouble in the world. (O. Wilde)   
    　　如果世界上少一些同情，世界上也就會少一些麻煩。（王爾德）   
    　　【點評】“if there were less/more…, there would be less/more….”是一個虛擬語氣句型，在四級裡面用一下可以給你的文章增色不少。   
    　　2. The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere. (A. M. Lindbergh)   
    　　生活中最使人筋疲力盡的事是弄虛作假。（林德伯格）   
    　　【點評】“the most exhausting / terrible thing is …”句型要掌握。我們再進一步學兩個常用的最高級句型：   
    　　…the + ~est +n.+ (that) +S.+ have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc)   
    　　…the most+ adj. +n.+ (that) +S.+ have ever + seen (known/heard/ had/read, etc)   
    　　Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.   
    　　海倫是我所看過最美麗的女孩。   
    　　Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.   
    　　常老師是我曾經遇到的最仁慈的教師。   
    　　3. It is discouraging to think how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit. (N. Coward)   
    　　令人沮喪的是，有那麼多人對誠實感到吃驚，而對欺騙感到吃驚的人卻那麼的   
    　　少。（科沃德）   
    　　【點評】對什麼現象和觀點不滿或者不同意時，可以使用，是加分句型。   

四、實踐與提高   
    　　補充練習：將下列句子翻成漢語，注意總結句子結構。   
    　　1. Whereas other societies look to the past for guidance, we cast our nets forward.（面向未來）   
    　　2. It is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.   
    　　3. Even these days, when not all progress seems positive (nuclear weapons, air pollution, unemployment, etc.), the belief remains that for every problem there is a rational solution.   
    　　4. The job of parents is to give children every opportunity while they are growing up and then get out of their way.   
    　　5. What deference people in authority do command is based on their actual powers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.   
    　　   
   
    其他經典句型（4）   
一、經典句型展示   
    　　1. He is the wisest infant that ever lived. 他是個前所未見的聰明的小嬰孩。   
    　　【分析】“the wisest man that ever live”是從最高級+that ever的結果強化出來的，表示“之前所活的最聰明的人”，即“前所未見的聰明人”的意思。   
    　　2. There were two persons coming toward me: the former was my uncle, the latter was my father. 有兩個人朝我走過來，前面的是我叔叔，後面的是我父親。   
    　　【分析】①“the former…the latter …”是表示“前者…後者…”的意思。②“the one…the other…”可以表示“相近”的意思。③“this…that…”同樣表示“相近”的意思，即“前者…後者…”，但這時候this…that…的順序是相反，請特別留意。   
    　　3. She is the last person to leave her parents. 她是個絕不離開她父母的人。   
    　　【分析】“the last man+動詞不定式”，表示“絕不…的人”的意思。動詞不定式有時可以用that引導的從句來代替。   
    　　4. The moment you understand this, you will only have further difficulties. 只要你一瞭解這規則，就不會有困難。   
    　　【分析】① the moment=as soon as，表示“一…就…”的意思，它起到一個連接詞的作用，引導條件狀語從句。the instant也具有相同的用法。② immediately、directly等副詞，也同樣是一個用來表示“…就…”的連接詞。   
    　　5. The nearer the dawn, the darker the night. 越接近黎明，夜就越黑。   
    　　【分析】the more…the more…，是一個“the +比較級…the +比較級…”的句型，表示“愈…就愈…”的意思，注意：這時的the不是定冠詞，而是一種副詞。   

二、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 他是個我所見過的最固執己見的人。   
    　　2. 乘火車旅行比乘飛機旅行更便宜且更有趣，因此大多數人喜歡選擇前者更勝於後者。   
    　　3. 娛樂與工作對我們的健康都很必要，前者讓我們得以放鬆，後者則給我們的活力。   
    　　4. 對於這件事，我的父親是絕對不會考慮的。   
    　　5. 只要你一踏進“事實”的世界，你就踏進了“限度”的世界。   
    　　6. 知道並不表示智慧，許多人知道不少事情，結果卻反而更笨。   
    　　7. 一個人如果沒有足夠的見識，知道得越多，對他反而越壞。   
    　　8. 新聞記者是個絕對不會說廣告無效的人。   
    　　9. 人們對自己的世界所知愈少，就對自己周圍的事愈無法控制與瞭解。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. He is the most persistent man I have ever seen.   
    　　2. Traveling by train is cheaper and more interesting than traveling by air, therefore most people prefer the former over the latter.   
    　　3. Amusement and work are both necessary to our health; the former can give us relaxation and the latter can give us energy.   
    　　4. My father was the last man to take into consideration issues concerning this matter.   
    　　5. The moment you step into the world of facts, you step into the world of limits.   
    　　6. To know is not to be wise. Many men know a great deal, and are all the greater fools for it.   
    　　7. If one hasn’t got plenty of common sense, the more science he has, the worse for him.   
    　　8. A journalist would be the last person to say that there is not any virtue in advertisement.   
    　　9. The less man knew about his world, the less subject to his control or understanding were the events which surrounded him.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. This is the larger elephant that I have ever seen.     
    　　2. He is bravest person that I have ever encountered.     
    　　3. Tom and Betty went to school. One arrived at seven o’clock   
    　　and another arrived at half past seven.     
    　　4. Health is above wealth, for it can give as much happiness.     
    　　5. We were last people to approve the opinion.     
    　　6. He is the last person that I expected to see.     
    　　7. As soon it turns red, it will become edible.     
    　　8. That moment you get in, nothing can hit you.     
    　　9. The hard the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.     
    　　10. The more we study, the many we discover our ignoramus.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. larger―largest 2. is―is the 3. another―the other 4. for it―for nothing.   
    　　5. last―the last 6. is―was 7. As soon―As soon as   
    　　8. That moment―The moment 9. hard―harder 10. the many―the more   

三、偉人偉招   
    　　1. 力劈華山式   
    　　I’ve never any pity for conceited people, because I think they carry their comfort about with them. (George Eliot )   
    　　我從不憐惜自負的人們，因為我覺得他們無處不能自我安慰。（艾略特）   
    　　【點評】該句型用來直接表達自己的觀點再好不過。   

    　　2. 最好最壞式   
    　　The worst tragedy for a poet is to be admired through being misunderstood. (J. Cocteau)   
    　　對於詩人來說，最大的悲劇莫過於由於誤解而受到欽佩。（科克托）   
    　　【點評】“the + best\worst\most effective way\measure is to…”結構結合該句學習。   

    　　3. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲式   
    　　If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. (Edison)   
    　　如果你年輕時不學會思考，那就永遠不會。（愛迪生）   
    　　【點評】這是個很好的警告別人、指出危害的句型。   
    　　看到各位大師的作品後，長江後浪推前浪，我們再加強學習9個簡單實用的句型。   
    　　① Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V.（養成…的習慣）   
    　　We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我們應該養成早睡早起的習慣。   
    　　② Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + n./Ving, …（因為…）   
    　　Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.   
    　　因為他的鼓勵，我終於實現我的夢想。   
    　　③ For the past + 時間，S. + 現在完成式…（過去…年來，…一直…）   
    　　For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.   
    　　過去兩年來，我一直忙著準備考試。   
    　　④ be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V.（不得不…）   
    　　Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考試迫在眉睫，我不得不放棄做運動。   
    　　⑤ It is time + S. + 過去式（該是…的時候了）   
    　　It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.   
    　　該是有關當局採取適當的措施來解決交通問題的時候了。   
    　　⑥ By +Ving, …can…（借著…，…能夠…）   
    　　By exercising, we can always stay healthy.   
    　　借著做運動，我們能夠始終保持健康。   
    　　⑦ …enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V.（…使…能夠…）   
    　　Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕鬆。   
    　　⑧ There is no doubt that + 句子…（毫無疑問地…）   
    　　There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.   
    　　毫無疑問地，我們的教育制度令人不滿意。   
    　　或者：There is no denying that + S. + V.…（不可否認地…）   
    　　There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.   
    　　不可否認地，我們的生活品質已經每況愈下。   
    　　⑨ …cannot emphasize the importance of…too much. （再怎麼強調…的重要性也不為過。）   
    　　We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.   
    　　我們再怎麼強調保護眼睛的重要性也不為過。  
  
四、實踐與提高   
    　　補充練習：將下列句子翻成漢語，注意總結句子結構。   
    　　1. In a society that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in more stagnant societies.   
    　　2. It has taken a long time to convince the public that free enterprise does not mean that a company should be free to pollute the air, foul the rivers, and destroy the forests.   
    　　3. Equipped with the money, one can acquire the taste, style, and ideas that mark each class and launch a quick ascent of the social ladder.   
    　　4. No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.   
    　　5. As the case illustrates, competition takes four general forms: …


   其他經典句型（5）   
一、經典句型展示   
    　　1. She can speak seven foreign languages to say nothing of her English. 她能講七種外國語言，更不用說英語了。   
    　　【分析】①“say nothing of…”是用來表示“更不用說是…”的意思。②“not to speak of…”與“no to mention…”也是用來表示相同的意思。③“not to say…”則表示“即使不能說…”的意思。   
    　　2. To tell the truth, I don’t like her at all. 說實在話，我一點也不喜歡她。   
    　　【分析】① to tell the truth= to say the truth，是用來表示“說實在話”、“說老實話”的意思，它是一個獨立主格結構，用來修飾整個句子。② to be frank with you（坦白地說），to make a long story short（簡單地說），to do one justice（公平的說），與to tell the truth是個相類似的句型。   
    　　3. When I was a boy, I was too cowardly to go out at might. 當我還是個小孩時，我太膽小以致夜晚不敢出門。   
    　　【分析】① too…to…= so…that…cannot…，表示“太…以致無法…”的意思；② too…for+意義上的主語+to…的句型也表示相同的意思。   
    　　4. This mountain is twice as large as that one. 這座山大約是那座山的兩倍高。   
    　　【分析】① twice as large as 是表示“兩倍的大小”的意思。當twice改為three times four times…時，則表示“三倍、四倍…”的意思，此外“as+adj.+as”結構還可用“as+adv.+as”表達；②“…as+adj.+n.+as…”也可以表示同樣的意思。   

  二、練習與進步   
    　　A. 翻譯   
    　　1. 她種植了各種不同類型的珍貴花卉，更不用說是玫瑰和茉莉花了。   
    　　2. 不能花太短的時間來完成關係一生的大事。   
    　　3. 說實在話，他二十年前沒能接受到正規學校教育。   
    　　4. 中國超過日本二十倍大的面積。   
    　　5. 她肯定在做白日夢，看起來她的心思好像在千里的地方。   
    　　6. 不知道是由於我太以自我為中心或是太孤僻，以致總是無法和我所認識的人成為坦誠相交的朋友。   
    　　7. 一般來說，在我們太空時代的幼年期，人類對太空的探索，就是靠其想像力。   
    　　8. 他大意是說：“同樣一個象徵符號不同的文化中卻有著不同的含意”。   
    　　9. 東京的人口是日本人口的十分之一。   
    　　10. 他的年齡是我的三倍。   
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. She raised quite different kinds of precious flowers to say nothing of roses and jasmine.   
    　　2. Take not too short a time to do well something that will influence you all through your life.   
    　　3. To tell the truth, he did not receive a normal education twenty years ago.   
    　　4. The land area of China is more than twenty times larger than that of Japan.   
    　　5. Her head was certainly in the clouds: she looked like her mind was a thousand miles away.   
    　　6. I’m either too self-centered or too reserved to be on confidential terms with anyone I know at all well.   
    　　7. In the early years of our space age, generally speaking, man’s exploits in space relied upon his imagination.   
    　　8. He speaks to the effect that the same symbol can carry different implications in different cultures.   
    　　9. The population of Tokyo is one-tenth of Japan’s as a whole.   
    　　10. He is three times as old as me.   
    　　B. 改錯   
    　　1. He is three times old as me.     
    　　2. The exhibition this time attracted two as many visitors as the last time.     
    　　3. The question was enough complicated for me to answer.     
    　　4. He walked very fast for me to follow him.     
    　　5. Tell the truth, I can only lend you 500 yuan.     
    　　6. To be frank at you, he tried his best.     
    　　7. You want to be the champion? I think you are crying into the moon.     
    　　8. He has much experience, to say everything of knowledge.     
    　　9. She is pretty, nothing to say of her humor.     
    　　10. To tell truth, he is an honest man and can work well under pressure.     
    　　【參考答案】   
    　　1. old前加as 2. two―twice 3. enough―too 4. very―too   
    　　5. Tell―To tell 6. at―with 7. into―at 8. everything―nothing   
    　　9. nothing to say―to say nothing 10. truth―the truth   

三、偉人偉招   
    　　1. 授人以漁式   
    　　In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life.(W. A. White)   
    　　教育不是為了教會青年人謀生，而是教會他們創造生活。（懷特）   
    　　【點評】該結構可以用來代替trying to，令你的文章更富魅力。   

    　　2. 熱血青年式   
    　　I would rather see a young man blush than turn pale. (M. P. Cato )   
    　　我寧可看到青年人臉紅，也不願看到他臉色變得蒼白。（加圖）   
    　　【點評】would rather…than…（寧可…，也不…句）型。   

    　　3. 言論自由式   
    　　I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. (Voltaire)   
    　　我不同意你說的話，但我願意誓死捍衛你說話的權利。（伏爾泰）   
    　　【點評】I disapprove of…, but I will… 表示不同意某一觀點，然後給自己留下餘地。   
    　　看到各位大師的作品後，長江後浪推前浪，我們再加強學習10個簡單實用的句型。   
    　　① Leave much to be desired（令人不滿意）   
    　　The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.   
    　　我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。   
    　　② Have a great influence on…（對…有很大的影響）   
    　　Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽煙對我們的健康有很大的影響。   
    　　③ do good to（對…有益），do harm to（對…有害）   
    　　Reading does good to our mind. 讀書對心靈有益。   
    　　Overworking does harm to one’s health. 工作過度對健康有害。   
    　　④ Pose a great threat to…（對…造成一大威脅）   
    　　Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染對我們的生存造成一大威脅。   
    　　⑤ do one’s utmost to + V. = do one’s best（盡全力去…）   
    　　We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.   
    　　我們應盡全力去達成我們的人生目標。   
    　　⑥ It pays to + V.…（…是值得的）   
    　　It pays to help others. 幫助別人是值得的。   
    　　⑦ be based on（以…為基礎）   
    　　The progress of society is based on harmony.   
    　　社會的進步是以和諧為基礎的。   
    　　⑧ Spare no effort to + V.（不遺餘力地）   
    　　We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.   
    　　我們應該不遺餘力地美化我們的環境。   
    　　⑨ bring home to + 人 + 事（讓…明白…事）   
    　　We should bring home to people the value of working hard.   
    　　我們應該讓人們明白努力的價值。   
    　　⑩ be closely related to…（與…息息相關）   
    　　Exercising is closely related to health. 做運動與健康息息相關。  
  
四、實踐與提高   
    　　補充練習：將下列句子翻成漢語，注意總結句子結構。   
    　　1. Moreover, both common sense and our experiences with children inform us that people tend to mimic the language and behavior they are exposed to.   
    　　2. Those who advocate unbridled individual expression might point out that the right of free speech is intrinsic to a democracy and necessary to its survival.   
    　　3. The suggested reason for buying the car is obvious: it is the intelligent choice.   
    　　4. The lesson here is that advertising, in itself, probably will not achieve as great of an importance as art.   
    　　5. Common sense tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in media.















第九部分.作文訓練

一、記敘文的思路與練習   
1）記敘文
以敘述人物的經歷和事物的發展變化過程為主要表現形式的一種文體。記敘文既可以以寫人為主，又可以以寫事為主。寫記敘文要注意記敘文的“六大要素”即：   
    時間（When）—— 何時發生，有沒有具體時間？   
    地點（Where）—— 何地發生，有沒有地點變化？   
    人物（Who）—— 何人參與，誰是主角？   
    事件（What）—— 發生了什麼，有何特點？   
    原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？   
    結果（How）—— 事件的經過及結局？   
    一般說來，在一篇記敘文中這六大要素是缺一不可的。   
    記敘文的思路就圍繞這六大要素充分展開。   
    【例】四級考試中，只出現過一次專門的記敘文體裁的寫作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出現過包含記敘文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。   
    對於“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命題要求後，我們就要開始構思了。   
    When：題目已規定了是“清晨”，在這個時候，“我”去散步。   
    Where：到哪兒散步？去公園？在校園裡？在街上（街上空氣不好，還是不去！）。   
    Who：在公園裡看到晨練的人：中老年人、年輕人、小孩子；在校園裡看到讀書背單詞的學生。   
    What：人們熱火朝天地做操，隨音樂跳舞，打球，等等。   
    Why：清晨空氣清新，適合鍛煉；一日之際在於晨，背背書，讀讀單詞。   
    當然，由這個題目可以令人想到很多東西，因篇幅所限，我們做了刪減。   
    　　   
    2）參考範文   
    An Early Morning Walk   
    One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park, breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.   
    When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men and women, boys and girls, all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises, some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.   
    I wandered around the park. To my delight, I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home, I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.   
   【點評】文章按照時間順序（in chronological order），第一句話點明時間(One morning)、人物(第一人稱“I”)，並簡要描述了早晨的特點（What was the setting），接著第二段第一句話交代地點（in the park），然後介紹公園裡人們及作者的活動（What was happening），最後在文章結尾點題，即，歸納中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 僅僅189個單詞既滿足了記敘文的“六大要素”，又有明確的中心思想和生動的細節，行文方式符合要求。   

    1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”為題，想想該怎麼寫。注意：題目的中心詞是“unlucky”。   
    When，  Where，  Who，  What，  Why:， How。   
    參考思路   
    When：哪一天是最倒楣的日子？考前的晚上？公佈成績的日子？週末？   
    Where：在大街上違章停車？在學校？在商場？在經常光顧的地方——食堂、餐廳、麥當勞、圖書館、溜冰場、投影廳？   
    Who：是我倒楣？是好友？你？那個蛋白質室友？   
    What：拿到罰單？上課上班遲到？失戀？被竊？四級沒過？   
    Why：倒楣嘛，無非是運氣不好，睡過頭了、態度惡劣、偷懶、不刻苦…   
    How：一團糟，挨批，心情極度沮喪，不過也無所謂嘛…   
    想完之後，我們再花點兒功夫將關聯的東東挑出來，別忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。   
    根據自己的思路，寫一篇文章：   
    　　   
    參考範文   
    A Most Unlucky Day   
    I had a streak of tough luck yesterday. Everything, it seemed to me, went wrong. And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.   
    In the morning, as luck would have it, my alarm clock didn’t ring, and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual. I was in such a hurry that, when making an omelet, I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.   
    Having no time for my breakfast at that point, I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers. I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway, but somehow I couldn’t make it. I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class, because my English teacher is very strict and demanding, and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.   
    After getting off the 7:40 subway, I raced all the way from the station to my school, thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day. At the corner of the street near my school, I abruptly bumped into a man and, worse luck, broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week. With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology, I just kept on running and running. At long last, I arrived at the school only to find, with great sadness mixed with some relief, that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked. It was Saturday.   
    My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end. When I returned home greatly frustrated, I found myself locked out. In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me. Just my luck!   
   【點評】這篇文章按照時間順序一氣呵成。文章的標題、第一句和最後一句都點出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事從作者醒來開始，在慌慌張張中煎蛋捲、趕地鐵、急奔學校、撞破眼鏡、發現白忙乎了一場，最後猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了鑰匙！整個故事描述得精彩生動，既有動作的細節又有作者內心的感受，讓讀者也身臨其境地體會了倒楣的一天。   
    A: 根據以下提示敘述一場交通事故：1）用第一人稱；2）短語提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour；it was dark；a small girl chased a dog；not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3）寫出作者對此交通意外的感想。   
    　　     
    參考範文   
    Last night I was driving home from work. I had an accident. I was following behind a truck, driving at about 30 kilometers an hour. I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.   
    Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left. She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic. I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.   
    The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car. Fortunately I did not hit her, but I hit a car coming in the other direction. Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious. It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child, I thought to myself.   
    B: 以第一人稱寫一篇記敘文，講述在旅行中經歷的一件小事。   
    　　   
    參考範文   
    Go on a Mediterranean Journey   
    My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey. Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation, the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.   
    We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting, but there was one man, a Mr. James, who irritated and annoyed us. Whatever subject we talked about, it seemed that he was an expert at it. He had, apparently, read more books, visited more countries and studied more languages, than anyone else had. After a few days, we ate our meals in silence, because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.   
    Then my wife had an idea. She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject, look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner. If it were an unusual subject, Mr. James could not possibly know anything about it. The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm. Mr. James was silent. We realized we had at last come to find something he knew nothing about.   
    　　   
   
二、說明文的思路與練習   
    說明文是用言簡意賅的語言來介紹客觀事物，講清事理，並給人增加知識的一種文體。說明文解說事物的特點、發展變化規律，分析前因後果，目的在於使讀者“明白事理”，獲得必要的資訊，對事物有個較完整明晰的瞭解和認識。說明文不同於記敘文和議論文，它重在給人介紹，讓人明白，因而，輕“情義”重事實。說明文與議論文關係密切，有人將其統稱為議論文。但在寫作的目的和方法上兩者仍有區別。說明文主要是通過事實客觀地解釋或說明事物本身；而議論文則以事實、資料等為證據，表明主觀見解，使讀者信服或贊同某一觀點。   
    歷年四級考試中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及圖表作文的第一段都屬於說明文的範疇，如，2002年6月的根據座標圖寫題為“Students Use of Computers”的作文。   
    說明文必須按一定的順序進行說明：時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認識順序，選擇具體的特點和細節來說明。   
所以，說明文的思路要圍繞說明順序、事物的特點和細節展開。例如：   

    範文點評   
    A Famous Clock   
    When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!   
   【點評】這是《新概念英語》中的一篇經典說明文，介紹了世界著名的“大本鐘”。文章開篇指明該鐘位於英國倫敦，且全世界的人們通過BBC就能夠聽到鐘聲。接下來講述了“大本鐘”的由來，特點——不僅外型巨大，而且走時準確，在結尾處講了“大本鐘”的一個幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶掛在指針上，把鐘弄慢了。細讀這篇文章，我們不難發現，區區159個單詞就把“大本鐘”的光輝形象牢牢地刻在讀者的腦海裡，為什麼？本文基於事實，分析了主題的來龍去脈，語言簡潔又不失生動貼切，作者態度客觀又充滿幽默，使讀者既“明白了事理”，又對事物有較完整明晰的瞭解認識，此乃說明文之真諦也。   

    以“Goals”為題打開一篇說明文的思路。   
    參考思路   
    1）目標的分類：（可根據時間順序，空間順序、邏輯順序或認識順序，任選一個進行分類和排列）   
    2）各個類別的特點和細節：   
    3）組織成文：   
    　　     

    範文點評   
    Goals   
  　Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term.   
    Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. For instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.   
    Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.   
    Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.   
    【點評】本文介紹了人生的三種目標：終生的、長期的和短期的目標。在文中採用了說明文常用的方法：定義、舉例、分類和比較等。   
對這些方法我們要瞭解並且掌握：   

    1. 定義法（definition）   
    定義法是用下定義的方式去揭示事物本質特徵或概念內涵。它能使讀者迅速抓住本質屬性和基本特點。此法的句型：   
   ① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …   
   【例】   
   （1）Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 語言是人類用來交際的任意性的語音符號體系。   
   （2）Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.   
   （3）Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.   

    2. 舉例法（illustration）   
    舉例法就是舉出實際事例來說明事物的方法，是最常見，往往也是最有效的闡釋模式。   
    專家提醒，舉例時應挑選具體、典型且有能力表達清楚的例子，並注意按照一定的順序編排。   
請看上述範文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的實例，如，贏得研究獎金、出版有影響書或文章、獲得大學的系主任職位、獲得國家自然科學基金及大公司穩定的顧問職位。   

    3. 分類法（classification）   
分類法就是把說明的物件，按一定的標準劃分成不同類別分別加以說明的方法。如：上述範文介紹人生的三種目標，並按照時間的長短對終生目標、長期目標和短期目標做了分類說明。
   
    4. 比較法（comparison）   
    比較法是用一個事物和與其有聯繫的其他事物加以對比的說明方法。目的是為了説明讀者準確地區分事物，通過對比達到對該事物的深刻認識。   
    如：上述範文對三種人生目標在時間上和實際操作上進行了比較，並闡明了彼此的聯繫。   
   （1）Lifetime goals should be written out.   
   （2）Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.   
   （3）These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.   

    5. 數字法（statistics）   
    數位法是運用資料來表明事物的本質和特點，準確合理的資料使文章精確可信。   
    【例】   
    （1）Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.   
    （2）And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.   
說明文的說明方法除上面介紹的常見的幾種以外，還有諸如分項法、列舉法、比喻法及引用法等，只有綜合運用多種說明方法，才能多角度、多層次地全面、清晰、準確地展示客觀事物的本來面貌。     

    6. 借助說明文的構思方法，看看下列題目該如何寫：   
   （1）The Layout of a Hospital   
    Direction: You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below. Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.   
    1）the Emergency Department   
    2）the Out-patient Department   
    3）the Surgery Department   
    4）Dispensary/Pharmacy   
    5）Physician Department   
    6）the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department   
    7）the Dental Department   
    8）the Laboratory   
    9）the X-ray Department   
    10）the Administrative Building   
    11）the Ward   
    　　   
    參考範文   
    Near the gate, on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary, which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road. Along the west wall, from south to north, stand three buildings: the Physician Department, the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department, and the Dental Department. The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about, and beside the Laboratory, the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.   
    A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward. Near the end of the main road, the Administrative Building is situated on the east side. The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.   
    1. How to Lose Weight   
思路提示：第一段先綜述現象：大家都想保持身材要求減肥。第二段介紹多餘的體重在身體中形成的原因。第三段提出相應的減肥方法。在最後一段，提出總結性的看法，指出減肥的要訣就是：減少攝入的卡路里，通過運動增加卡路里的消耗量。   

    參考範文   
    How to Lose Weight   
    A beautiful and healthy figure is everyone’s dream. However, not everyone can easily fulfill this dream. Overweight people often have to find precise ways to lose weight.   
    For normal healthy people, weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in. Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight, because when on a diet, you are taking fewer calories.   
    However, the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy, and “fad” or starvation diets are bad because they are not nutritiously balanced. A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat, either by your own careful choices or by buying, for a week at a time, the packaged meals sold by some diet companies. If you do not normally exercise, you should also begin sensible exercises for your age and lifestyle to help your body use up surplus calories.   
In short, a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercises should help you shed off part of your body.   

三、議論文的思路與練習（1）   
    議論文又稱論說文，是一種既常見又十分重要的文體。在四級作文考試中運用得最多。議論文通常採用擺事實講道理的方式，圍繞著某一個有爭議的觀點展開論證，陳述各種理由，表明作者立場、闡明作者觀點看法。在文章中要明確地表明贊成什麼、反對什麼，用詞不能模棱兩可，必須明確肯定。議論文的三要素是論點、論據和論證，其中論點要鮮明，論據要合理、恰當、充分，論證過程要邏輯嚴密。   
關於記敘文的思路打開，我這裡推薦幾種方法：   

    1. 生活化細節聯想法   
    針對大多數相對抽象不好下手的作文題目，我們可以先把作文題同自身聯繫到一起，把抽象、概括的作文題細化到自己身邊，先打開一個突破口，再順藤摸瓜，進行發散式聯想。請看例子：   
    What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?   
    題目的主體是速食，方向為利弊處。先不要考慮速食是好是壞，而應該先考慮你身邊的、你知道的速食究竟有哪些，這些速食給你或你的家人帶來了哪些影響。請看一位元同學記錄下來的思路。請注意其跳躍性。   
    ① 遍地都是麥當勞、肯德基、永和豆漿、餛飩、油條。   
    ② 每次老爸不在家時，我吃雞腿漢堡，快，省事、省時間。不用買菜，切菜，做菜，蒸飯，洗碗，擦桌子。   
    不過還是老爸做的飯好吃，吃麥當勞吃不飽。為什麼呢？油少，沒營養！   
    ③ 永和24小時，但東西賊貴，晚上避風的好地方，粥還行，油條，爛！   
    ④ 麥當勞小孩多，因為玩具多，電視上有很多他們的廣告，小孩又哭又笑，學雞叫的那個廣告特傻，……兒童樂園。   
    ⑤ 還是太貴。在美國，垃圾食品，到了中國，特火！洋貨？老爸不愛吃漢堡，因有乳酪。不符合中國人的口味，農民就不喜歡，中國有8億農民……   
    （為了方便大家閱讀，我們在錄入時加入了一半字數）   
    大家不妨問問自己兩個問題：   
    ——上面的東西不夠寫120字嗎？   
    ——上面的東西用英文表達難嗎？   
    答案是否定的。試想，有了這個思路，無論怎麼寫，從哪一個方面寫，我們都不缺觀點和支持觀點的細節性論據。   
         
    寫下你對下列題目在生活中的聯想（中英文混寫）   
    1) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities      
2) the Influence of the Internet

    2. 逆向思維聯想法   
    有一些題目從正面不好羅列素材，總結觀點，我們可以從命題的對立面去思考問題，這樣往往可以達到意想不到的收穫。如果問題是一個東西有什麼樣的好處，也許這個東西是日常生活中常見的東西，我們早已對其失去了敏感，這個時候不妨想一想如果失去了這個東西，我們的生活會受到哪些影響。試舉一例：   
    In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?   
    文章的關鍵在於How can we protect our properties？（我們如何保護自己的財產？）對於大多數同學來講，對財產的概念還不清楚，談何保護措施？於是，從反面破題，從我們周圍的盜竊想起，請看一位同學的草稿：   
    ① 前兩天，丟了錢包，bus上，小偷走了，才有人告訴我，社會公德真有問題。   
    ② 學校的7台電腦CPU丟了，小偷從窗戶爬進去的。學校3年都不修，宿舍經常丟鞋、丟衣服。   
    ③ 家裡與房地產開發公司打官司，合同有問題。   
    ④ 員警現在都不管事，出了問題才來，沒出問題，懶得理你，防患於未然。   
    （為了方便閱讀，我們把草稿上的英語譯成了漢語）   
    有了上面的幾個問題，綜合分析保護個人財產的措施也就不難得出了，個人、單位、社會、國家都應採取相應的措施，而論證過程可以從草稿中總結說理，也可以按照草稿上的思路舉反例論證。   
    總之，在拓展思維時，一定要避免定向的、大而空的思維模式，應儘量把作文題目大處化小，小處化細，細處才可見真情。   
         
    從事物的反面考慮下列題目，寫下浮現在你腦海中的詞句：   
    1) Advantages of a Harmonious Family   
2) The importance of fresh drinking water   

四、議論文的思路與練習（2）   
    分類思考法   
為了儘快地幫助同學們在盡可能短的時間裡熟悉四級作文的命題思路，以及在短時間內能夠找到合適的論述理由，我們通過分析歷年四級考試真題並研究了命題方向，在此基礎上總結了四級作文通用的十大思考方向，很多題目要求考生分析某一現象發生原因或可能產生的影響，我們不妨從以下十個方向進行思考，打開思路：   

    1) 方便：convenient, convenience   
    相關話題：computer, internet，出外吃飯，電話，城市生活，例如：   
    The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.   
    Advertisements can bring convenience to people’s lives.   
Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy.   

    2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency   
    相關話題：電腦和高科技（high-tech devices）減輕了體力勞動（manual labor），解放了人類（liberate humans），讓人們有更多的時間從事其他的事情（more time are spent on other necessary matters）等，例如：   
    Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers.   
Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring people closer and make the world smaller.     

    3) 節省和浪費：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste time\money\space, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如：   
    This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality.     
    There are many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV.     
    As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets.     
    It’s a costly and time-consuming hobby. China is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas can’t afford to go to school.     
… will be great extravagance of time, energy and money.     

    4) 心理與性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, character     
    好的性格 independent, independence, independently, cooperate, cooperative, cooperation, compete, competitive, competition, team spirit, considerate, confident, confidence, confidently, ambition, ambitious, individuality, tolerance, sociable, perseverance, deal with/solve problems by themselves (independent), optimistic     
    壞的性格 overbearing（專橫的，傲慢的）, selfish, conservative, isolated, conceited（自以為是的）, egotistic（自我本位的）, arrogant, domineering（作威作福的），overzealous（過分熱心的），nihilist（虛無主義的），opportunistic（機會主義的），pessimistic     
    性格的養成：cultivate, foster, develop, encourage, enrich, improve, enhance     
    例如：   
    Taking a part-time job can help cultivate independence and develop a strong sense of responsibility.   
    It will help foster a sense of competition and cooperation, which is quite necessary in one’s future career.   
    Working outside campus can enhance one’s social awareness and help one become more socially adaptable. With this, students are able to keep pace with the outside world.     
    It will do good for building up one’s confidence and offer one a sense of achievement because one can realize his value and capability.     
    Through this experience, students can learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.     
    5) 豐富的生活：pleasure, joy, recreation, entertain, entertaining, entertainment, leisure time, interesting, relax, relaxed, relaxation. 對立面：dull, monotonous, tired, bored, tiredness, boring, tiring, fatigue, lonely, loneliness, weary, weariness, too much stress from work（工作壓力大），leisure time（業餘時間增多），例如：   
    Gazing at the cold flickering screen is a disinteresting and tiring experience. It is not a good way to relax.     
    Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well designed; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives.     
Raising pets is beneficial and joyful.   

    6) 環境：environment, environmental, pollute, polluted, pollution, pollutant, poisonous, contaminate, contamination, contaminated, contaminant, dirty, hygiene（衛生），nature（自然）、on good terms with（和諧相處），ruin, destroy（破壞），例如：   
    Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment.     
    Some people are destroying our earth by overexploiting the natural resources for immediate interests.     
    Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.     
By using the Internet, we can save our natural resources such as forests. It is much more environmentally friendly. The traditional form of books consumes too much wood.   

    7) 身體健康：health, physical health, healthy, disease, strong, strength, energetic, energetically，physical fitness（健身），raised awareness of fitness（健康意識的提高），例如：   
    Too much viewing of TV will lead people to a sedentary life lacking adequate exercise, which does harm to their health.     
Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs people’s physical and mental health. (eyesight, radiation)   

8) 安全和危險：safe, safety, safely, in safe, danger, dangerous, in danger, risk, hazard, hazardous     

9) 經驗：experience, social experience   

    10) 發展：   
    學生學習的發展進步：   
    cope with the relationship between part-time jobs and study（大學生能否兼顧學習與工作），practice（如何學習與實踐），be prepared for or meet the requirements of future occupations（如何面對未來職業的要求）。   
    經濟的發展：   
    economy, create more jobs, increase the tax base, improve society’s welfare，the reform and open-up policies（改革開放政策），economic construction（經濟建設），market economy（市場經濟），sustainable development（可持續發展），social atmosphere（良好的社會風氣），social stability（社會穩定），public order（社會治安），social changes or transformations（社會變革），ideas or thoughts（人們的思想觀念）。   
    This exerts a negative impact on one’s study because … occupies much of a student’s valuable time. A student’s sole task is to make good use of his limited time to acquire knowledge and skills which are essential to his future career.   
    Part-time jobs may take up most of students’ valuable time for study and have a pernicious（有害的）effect on their study and overall development.     
    It helps develop the economy, because it helps remove the obstacles in the way of progress and liberate people’s minds.   
    （新變化，新科技）… created more jobs to release the pressure of unemployment.     
    … helps to improve the economic strength.   
         
    從以上十大通用原因中選擇合適的來說明下列題目：   
    1. 社會實踐的必要性   
    2. 改革四級考試的原因   
    3. 中國人家用汽車發展的優缺點   

五、議論文的思路與練習（3）   
我們今天不妨介紹幾種簡單易行的打開思路的法子，並不深邃，但卻簡單易行，易於考生們操作：   

    1. 分組思考法：   
    在考慮某種現象的優缺點或影響的時候，如果發現從這種現象本身無法打開思路，不妨從它的受眾去考慮。   
    例如在討論網路的有缺點的時候，我們可以從網路的受眾入手，把網路的使用者按照年齡分為：小孩、中青年和老人。分別討論網路對他們的影響，對小孩：增進知識；對中青年：方便、有效率；對老年人：豐富生活。這樣在寫作的時候也比較容易，更會讓文章顯得條理清晰。當然，分組的原則除了年齡外，還有好多別的選擇，如職業、性別、國別等等。   
    根據分組思考法寫出下列話題的思路：   
    1) no pain, no gain   
    2) the advantages of TV   
3) the influence of noise in cities   

    2. 分層思考法   
    分層思考法和分組思考法原則很類似，只是劃分的方法是按照層次的不同。   
    例如：在討論如何解決全球性缺水的問題的時候，我們可以把解決方法分為：1）政府應該怎麼做：制定相關法律；2）社會應該怎麼辦：鼓勵節約用水的精神；3）個人——我，該怎麼辦：千里之行，始於足下，從我做起。當然也可以有另外的一些分層方法。   
    用分組思考法考慮下列話題並寫下自己的思路：   
    1) 如何解決大學校園裡的浪費現象   
    2) 如何解決人口問題（Problems of Population）   
3) 談論一下舉辦奧運會的好處  

    3. 舉例說明法：   
    四級考試的考生都是成年人，很多是大學生，而且四級考試的題材多是和大家的生活相關的，所以有的時候用我們生活當中的例子來說明再好不過了。而且有些作文明確要求考生舉例說明。   
    　　例如：Practice Makes Perfect（1997. 1）中就要求大家以英語學習為例說明。   
    　　   
    參考範文   
    As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied in our daily lives. It proves that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.   
   A good case in point is the study of English. Take my neighbor, Xiao Wang, as an example. He seldom spends time learning English. As a result, his English is very poor and he has begun to hate English now. On the contrary, I’m very interested in learning English and I spend more than five hours each day on English. So the natural consequence is that I have a good mastery of the language and my interest in it has grown more intense.   
   A lesson that we can draw from the above example is obvious. Practice is crucial to our success not only in study, but also in our future work. All in all, practice will make a difference between success and failure. (168 words)   
    這裡我們列出一些經常用到的句子，希望對大家有所幫助：   
    For example,   
    For instance,   
    It can be given as a concrete example that…   
    Take… as an example. It is a very obvious case.   
    There is one impressive example I want to mention here.   
    Let’s see an example.   
    It is best illustrated using the following example.   
    Let me provide an example.   
    Perhaps the most important example of …is that…   
    As I remember,/ Even to this day, I still remember that…   
    I will never forget…   
    To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive.   
    An instance that accompanies this reason is that…   
    An example can give the details of this argument, …   
    It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of…   
    History presented many examples of…   
    In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.   
    舉例說明下列題目：   
    1) Where there is a will, there is a way   
    2) Money is not all-powerful  
    3) the Influence of the Internet